Defining Ethical And Moral Standards Philosophy Essay

Defining Ethical And Moral Standards Philosophy Essay Morality is a conveniently flexible term to begin with, one which could be stretched and sculpted according to most anyones ulterior motives. This in turn renders moral standards almost completely irrelevant and they should be regarded with skepticism, especially when it comes to those in power; because what is moral behavior to one person is indignation to another person. I think we can define ethical and moral standards as guidelines for an ethical and moral behavior. And in its turn, ethical and moral behavior of a person (or a group) can be defined as a way of interaction with a society which is the least disturbing, or better, pleasing to the other members of a society. Societies function much more effectively, efficiently, and responsibly when politicians and elected officials are expected to follow the rule of law more so than the rather subjective definition of a higher moral standard. After all, how can so many people glamorize Che Guevara and his noble and moral legacy of fighting for social justice, but turn a blind eye to his ordering the execution by firing squad of hundreds of people, including innocent student protestors, without the due process of law in a single month at La Cabaà ±a prison 50 years ago? And what else other than moral relativity could explain why so many of his T-shirt wearing acolytes claim to be morally outraged by former President George W. Bushs similar crime of the suspension of habeas corpus for Guantanamo Bay prisoners, of which none were executed? Which is why the rhetoric and pseudo-philosophizing of morality is still popular in communist nations such as Cuba whose totalitarian regime continues to push the false and deluded hope that communism will one day triumph again for those with the moral courage to endure needless sacrifice. This morality above reality mindset and rationale is explicitly illustrated in archived film footage where Fidel Castro was asked if he wore a bulletproof vest considering the various attempts on his life. He joked by opening his shirt, proudly displaying his bare chest and belly, bellowing a laugh and responded No, I wear a moral vest. Sure he did. As possibly did other murderous tyrants such as Ho Chi Min, Pol Pot, and Idi Amin to name a few. If their higher moral standards are what people expect to be ruled and led by, we may as well rebuild our collapsing economy by constructing our own concentration camps replete with gas chambers and ovens, and printing our monthly food supply ration booklets, like the ones Cubans carry with them to this day. One would figure they would simply register these via internet nowadays, only they are still not allowed by law to have internet access in their homes. On one hand, we should admit that high ethical and moral standards are probably one of aspects to judge an effective leader. Track back to the history, we can find many famous leaders with high ethical and moral standards. For example, Winston Churchill and Abraham Lincoln they were well known not only because of their marvelous contribution to their nations but also for the good reputation they built. It is the highly ethical manners lead them to serve the people they led in the correction direction. On the contrary, Adolph Hitler, who maybe can also called an effective leader of Germany in World War 2. He conquered half of the Europe and decimated thousands of Jaws with Nazi army, caused great damage to Jaws and the world due to his prejudice and lack of ethical standards. On one hand, we should admit that high ethical and moral standards are probably one of aspects to judge an effective leader. Track back to the history, we can find many famous leaders with high ethical and moral standards. For example, Winston Churchill and Abraham Lincoln they were well known not only because of their marvelous contribution to their nations but also for the good reputation they built. It is the highly ethical manners lead them to serve the people they led in the correction direction. On the contrary, Adolph Hitler, who maybe can also called an effective leader of Germany in World War 2. He conquered half of the Europe and decimated thousands of Jaws with Nazi army, caused great damage to Jaws and the world due to his prejudice and lack of ethical standards. Finally, the effective leaders are also human beings. No human beings could be perfect, everyone makes mistakes from time to time, as a famous saying goes to err is human, and so does the leader. But a few flows such as some personal affairs would not efface the splendid achievements they make as an effective leader. Bill Clinton, the former president of America is the best evidence. Despite the sex scandal and his perjury in court, which nearly resulted in his impeachment, there is no doubt that he is an effective leader in the eyes of American people. He has fight back the economic recession in the U.S. and promoted peaceful progress in Israel-Palestinian relationship. All of these great achievement to U.S. even the world persuasively prove him as an effective leader. Everyone has his/her own pettiness; the leader is not exception either. Hence as long as it is within his/her people tolerance, some flaws on ethic cannot prevent him/her to be an effective leader. It is precisely because of the infinite number of quandaries that a higher moral standard poses that makes such a prerequisite obsolete for elected officials in comparison to their obeying the rule of law. And chances are, if they respect and obey the rule of law to begin with, theyre bound to have higher moral standards that are genuine and socially reciprocal. Most of us, who obey laws, dont just do so because were afraid of being caught if we dont. We do so because they make sense to our survival. Considering how poor a job morality alone has done to ensure our survival, let alone our rights, we need to look further beyond mere moral standards as criteria in electing our leaders. No matter how high a moral standard politicians profess to set for themselves, and much less the rest of us whom they ultimately work for. Finally, the effective leaders are also human beings. None of human beings could be perfect, anyone makes mistakes some times, as a famous saying goes to err is human, and so does the leader. But a few flows such as some personal affairs would not efface the splendid achievements they make as an effective leader. Bill Clinton, the former president of America is the best evidence. Despite the sex scandal and his perjury in court, which nearly resulted in his impeachment, there is no doubt that he is an effective leader in the eyes of American people. He has fight back the economic recession in the U.S. and promoted peaceful progress in Israel-Palestinian relationship. All of these great achievement to U.S. even the world persuasively prove him as an effective leader. Everyone has his/her own pettiness; the leader is not exception either. Hence as long as within his/her people tolerance, some flaws on ethic cannot prevent him/her to be an effective leader. In conclusion, as long as supported by the people he/she serves, the public official does not have to maintain the highest ethical and moral standards, but to do so will make them more admirable. * To be an effective leader, a public official must maintain the highest ethical and moral standards. Finalizing everything Ive said I have to disagree with the original statement. It appears to be not necessary for a public official to maintain highest ethical and moral standards if he wants to be an effective leader. He just have to be able to sufficiently deliver power of organization he represents to the people he suppose to lead.

Home Security System

ACTIVE INFRARED MOTION DETECTOR FOR HOUSE SECURITY SYSTEM MIOR MOHAMMAD HAFIIZH BIN ABD. RANI UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA PAHANG ABSTRACT Nowadays, house security system becomes the best solution to overcome house intrusion problem when user is not in house. As we know, there are many types of house security system which is too expensive and difficult to use. For that reason, an effective house security system at low cost is built where user can also program the security system by their own.This project is focusing on developing a house security system with an active infrared motion detector which is controlled by microcontroller Intel 8051. The overall project is divided into two parts. The first part is concern on the hardware development where all electronics component are connected via the circuit design using wrapping technique. An active infrared, the magnetic sensor, and keypad are the input components while buzzer, indicator, and LCD display are the output components where it’ s all controlled by controller circuit. The second part is base on software programming to operate the hardware structure.Program for security system based on microcontroller Intel 8051 assembly language is assemble using ASM51 assembler to get the binary file thus, to load into external memory of the hardware structure via serial communication. The process of downloading and executing the program is done using HyperTerminal’s communication software to the microcontroller serial port. In order to achieve the best house security system, more detectors or sensors can be connected to the microcontroller output port where it can be reprogram by user using their personal computer at home. Read this  Chapter 2 – Why Security is NeededAs the result, the infrared motion detector is capable to detect motion while the microcontroller is capable to control the whole operation of the security system. CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1. 1 Background Motion detection is the action of sensing physical movement in a given area. Motion can be detected by measuring change in speed or vector of an object in the field of view. This can be achieved either by mechanical devices that physically interact with the field or by electronic devices that quantifies and measures changes in the given environment.There are two device of motion detection which is the mechanical device, and the other one is electronic device. In the mechanical device, a tripwire is a simple form of motion detection. If a moving objects steps into the tripwire's field of view then a simple sound device like bells may alert the user. Mechanical motion detection devices can be simple to implement, but at the same time , it can be defeated easily by interrupting the devices' mechanics like â€Å"cutting the wire†. While in electronic device, the electronic motion sensing such as motion detectors, can prevent such mechanical intervention.The principal methods by which motion can be electronically identified are optical detection and acoustical detection. Infrared light or laser technology may be used for optical detection. Motion detection devices, such as motion detectors, have sensors that detect movement and send a signal to a sound device that produces an alarm or switch on an image recording device. There are motions detector which employ cameras connected to a computer which stores and manages captured images to be viewed over a computer network.The applications for such detection are detection of unauthorized entry, detection of cessation of occupancy of an area to extinguish lighting, and detection of a moving object which triggers a camera to record subsequent events. The motion det ector is thus a basic idea of electronic security systems. 1. 2 Project objective The objective of this project is to build a house security system using microcontroller Intel 8051 based on active infrared motion detection. 1. 3 Project scope This project concentrates on a development of an active infrared motion detector for house security system.To develop the whole project, it consists of three methods which are the concept of security system, the electrical structure, and the software programming. The concept of security system is on the detection of movement using active sensor to trigger alarm controlled by the microcontroller Intel 8051. The electrical structure consist of two systems which are the active infrared circuit that used to detect or sense motion and the microcontroller Intel 8051 circuit, used to control the whole operation of the security system. While the software programming is base on the microcontroller Intel 8051 instruction sets.It contains a program design ed for a security system as an interaction to operate the electrical structure. 1. 4 Literature review Motion detectors are mainly used in security systems [4]. It is typically positioned near exterior doorways or windows of a building to monitor the area around it. Since motion detectors are so flexible and have so many uses, it offers feelings of protection and security for the average homeowner as well as commercial organizations [4]. An electronic motion detector is a device used to detect any physical movement in a given area and transforms motion into an electric signal.It consist of sensor that electrically connected to other devices such as security system, lighting, audio alarms, and other applications. Motion sensors are used in a wide variety of applications and as a result, many different types of motion sensors are available including the infrared sensor. Infrared sensors are widely known in the arts of intrusion detection and in fire or smoke detection. It is a device that often used in automatic light switches and security systems to turn on a light or to activate some other form of alarm or warning indicator when a person enters a monitored area [4].The infrared sensors have basically two forms: active and passive. [4] An active infrared detector includes a radiation source and an infrared sensor which is sensitive to interruptions in the radiation sensed from the source. [4] These detectors are used as intrusion detectors by providing a path of radiation from the source to the sensor in a place where the path is likely to be interrupted by an intruder. The proposed active infrared method of motion detection has the advantage of fast speed response of a relatively large sensor.This advantage permits simpler optical system design, especially for wide fields of view. Besides, it is insensitivity to mechanical and acoustic noise, which presents substantial problems in the passive infrared (PIR) sensors. Low production cost is another advantage of these active infrared detectors. [4] Passive infrared motion detection detects heat energy radiated or emitted by an object, such as a body of a person, moving across a field of view of a heat sensor of the motion detection system. It is generally use an optical ollection system and multiple sensing elements of alternating polarity to create a detection pattern in the volume of interest. PIR detectors employ a group of radiation sensors coupled through amplifiers to a logic circuit. The radiation sensors detect changes in ambient infrared radiation. The detection system has an electrical circuit operatively coupled to the heat sensor for producing a detection signal in response to the heat sensor detecting a change of temperature caused by the body heat of a person entering the detection pattern. PIR motion detectors are perhaps the most frequently used home security device. 4] Passive IR motion detectors are usually designed to provide an indication to an alarm panel in response to detecting IR that is indicative of motion of the object. The alarm panel is responsive to receipt of the breach indication to cause an alarm condition to occur. The other motion detector used in security system is an ultrasonic motion detector. It is commonly used for automatic door openers and security alarms [4]. It is inexpensive and can operate with narrow beam-widths. The ultrasonic transducers are the sensor that used in ultrasonic motion detector.It can be used to detect motion in an area where there are not supposed to be any moving objects. This type of motion detector is most commonly used in burglar alarm systems since they are very effective in this application [4]. In an ultrasonic motion detector, there are two transducers; one emits an ultrasonic wave and the other picks up reflections from the different objects in the area. The reflected waves arrive at the receiver in constant phase if none of the objects in the area are moving. If something moves, the received sig nal is shifted in phase. A phase comparator detects the shifted phase and sends a triggering pulse to the alarm.Ultrasonic motion detectors have certain advantages and disadvantages when compared with other types of motion detectors. The main advantage is that they are very sensitive and extremely fast acting. However, the largest problem with this type of motion detector is that it sometimes responds to normal environmental vibration that can be caused by a passing car or a plane overhead. Besides, the installation options on this type of motion detector are limited because ultrasonic beams are easily blocked by thin materials, including paper. False triggering is easily caused by reflections from blowing curtains, pets, and flying insects.While the passive infrared motion detectors offers problem where it can be falsely triggered by warm air movement or other disturbances that can alter the infrared radiation levels in an area. In order to prevent this problem, newer systems use t wo infrared sensors, which monitor different zones within a protected area. Logic within system triggers the alarm only when the two zones are activated in sequence, as would occur if a person walked through the protected area. For that reason, the purpose of using the active infrared as a sensor to detect motion for this project is surely on the advantage offers by the sensor.Its capability on detecting motion with a simple design at lowest cost is needed to build an effective house security system based on motion detection. 1. 5 Thesis outline Chapter 1 explains the background of motion detection, the project objective, the project scope, and the literature review of motion detector for security system. The concepts of motion detector are the major element as a guide for the development of the security system. Chapter 2 explains the systems involved for the development of the active infrared motion detector for house security system.The understanding of three systems which are the active infrared, motion detector, and house security system stated in this chapter needed for the development of the whole project. Chapter 3 focuses on the methodologies for the development of the electrical structure and the implementations of microcontroller programming. It gives a brief review on the concept of active infrared motion detector, the electrical structure for hardware development, and the programming for the operation of the security system. Chapter 4 discusses on the results obtained of the whole project.All discussions are concentrating on the result and performance of the security system. The discussion is valuable for future development of the security system. Chapter 5 discusses about the conclusion on development of the active infrared motion detector for house security system. The recommendations and modification required on this project is stated in this chapter for further development. CHAPTER 2 ACTIVE INFRARED MOTION DETECTOR FOR HOUSE SECURITY SYSTEM 2. 1 Introduction There are two systems on a development of the active infrared motion detector for house security system.The first system is an active infrared motion detector and the other one is the controller system. The first system concentrates on a development of an active infrared motion detector. It is consists of three element, which are the active infrared, the motion detector, and the house security system. The motion detector circuit will be control by the second system which is the microcontroller Intel 8051 based system. The combination between this two systems will built a project called an active infrared motion detector for house security system. 2. 2 Active infrared (IR)Infrared is an electromagnetic spectrum at a wavelength that is longer than visible light. It cannot be seen but it can be detected. Objects that generate heat also generate infrared radiation and those objects include animals and the human body whose radiation is strongest at a wavelength of 9. 4 µ meter. Infrared in this range will not pass through many types of material that pass visible light such as ordinary window glass and plastic. However it can pass through, with some attenuation, material that is opaque to visible light such as germanium and silicon. The active infrared sensors use invisible light to scan a defined area.In active infrared systems, there are two-piece elements which are consisting of an infrared transmitter and an infrared receiver. There is a 3/8 inch infrared beam between the transmitter which is placed on one side of the trail and the receiver which is placed on the other side of the trail. The transmitter and the receiver can be separated by as much as 150 feet. The transmitter emits a beam of light into the scan zone. The light, which is reflected by the background returns to the receiver, which constantly monitors the scan zone. When a person or object enters the zone the infrared light is interrupted.It then sends a signal to the controller sys tem, which is wired into the door controls. One variation of this operating mode is called ‘background suppression’. This is when the receiver only detects a change in the reflected light when a person or object enters the scan zone thus causing a reflectance variation of the light, sending a signal to the microcontroller thus trigger the alarm of the security system. 2. 3 Motion detector A motion detector is a device that contains a motion sensor and is either integrated with or connected to other devices that alert the user of the pre-sense of motion.An electronic motion detector contains a motion sensor that transforms the detection of motion into an electric signal. The electric signal can be connected to a burglar alarm system which is used to alert the home owner or security service after it detects motion. An example of sensor that used in security system is an active sensor. Active sensors in motion detectors system are commonly used inside homes for a security system. An active motion detector emits optics or sound waves and measures feedback to detect motion. The simplest type of active motion detector is commonly used in commercial doorways to trigger a doorbell.A device is fixed to one side of the doorway, an optical sensor to the other. A beam of light will passes from the device through the sensor. When someone enters the establishment, the beam is broken, triggering the doorbell thus warn user for the intrusion. For that reason, active motion detectors can be purchased for home improvement security system. It is inexpensive devices that can add for more security to a home and provide peace of mind for home owners. 2. 4 House security system House security system is one of security that truly related to burglar or safety alarm system.Burglar and safety alarms are found in electronic form nowadays. Sensors are connected to a control unit via either a low-voltage hardwire which in turn connects to a means for announcing the alarm to el icit response. In a new construction systems are predominately hardwired for economy while in retrofits wireless systems may be more economical and certainly quicker to install. Some systems are dedicated to one mission; handle fire, intrusion, and safety alarms simultaneously. In common security system, the lights are triggered by motion gives the impression to user that someone is at home and able to see the burglar.Infrared motion detectors placed in house security system in crucial areas of the house can detect any burglars and alert the home owner or police. The first security system invented, house alarms were triggered by the release of a pressure button fitted into a door or window frame. This basic alarm was fundamentally flawed as the entire intruder needed to do to silence the alarm was to close the door or window. While various systems on the market ranging from inexpensive house security alarms to highly sophisticated systems requiring professional installation.All mode rn alarms are based on the same foundation, the electric circuit which is completed either when the door is opened or closed depending on the security system designed. The alarm is triggered when the circuit is altered and will not be silenced until a code is punched into the control panel. The most expensive and complicated alarm systems might also involve a combination of motion sensors and pressure pads to ensure even the most cunning intruder doesn’t get his hands on treasures. 2. 5 Microcontroller Intel 8051 The microcontroller 8051 is an 8-bit machine.Its memory is organized in bytes and practically all its instruction deal with byte quantities. It uses an Accumulator as the primary register for instruction results. Other operands can be accessed using one of the four different addressing modes available: register implicit, direct, indirect or immediate. Operands reside in one of the five memory spaces of the 8051. The five memory spaces of the 8051 are the Program Memo ry, External Data Memory, Internal Data Memory, Special Function Registers and Bit Memory. The Program Memory space contains all the instructions, immediate data and constant tables and strings.It is principally addressed by the 16-bit Program Counter (PC), but it can also be accessed by a few instructions using the 16-bit Data Pointer (DPTR). The maximum size of the Program Memory space is 64K bytes. The External Data Memory space contains all the variables, buffers and data structures that can not fit on-chip. It is principally addressed by the 16-bit Data Pointer (DPTR), although the first two general purposes register R0 and R1 of the currently selected register bank can access a 256-byte bank of External Data Memory. The maximum size of the External Data Memory space is 64K bytes.The external data memory can only be accessed using the indirect addressing mode with the DPTR, R0 or R1. The Internal Data Memory space is functionally the most important data memory space. In it resi des up to four banks of general purpose registers, the program stack, 128 bits of the 256-bit memory, and all the variables and data structures that are operated on directly by the program. The maximum size of the Internal Data Memory space is 256-bytes. The register, indirect and direct addressing modes can be used in different parts of the Internal Data Memory space.The Special Function Register space contains all the on-chip peripheral input and output registers as well as particular registers that need program access. The maximum number of Special Function Registers (SFRs) is 128, though the actual number on an 8051 family member depends on the number and type of peripheral functions integrated on. The SFRs can only be accessed using the direct addressing mode while the upper 128 bytes of the Internal Data Memory can only be accessed using the Indirect addressing mode. The Bit Memory space is used for storing bit variables and flags.There are specific instructions in the 8051 th at operate only in the Bit Memory space. The maximum size of the Bit Memory space is 256-bits. Bits can only be accessed using the bit instructions and the direct addressing mode. 2. 6 Summary The understanding on the elements of the systems involved for this project which are the active infrared, the motion detector, and the house security system is needed before proceed for the design and development process. This is important to ensure the project done according to the main idea of each part discuss in this chapter. CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY 3. 1 IntroductionThere are several steps to be applied in designing an active infrared motion detector for house security system. The relevant information is gathered through literature review from previous chapter. Data on motion detection and security system projects has been collected where the theoretical design is studied based on the motion detector for security concept. The understanding on the electrical structure for the hardware develop ment is needed for the design circuit process of the motion detector and the basic security circuit. The next is the hardware development according to the circuit designed.This process is just only being proceed if each part of the circuit being improved is valid, else, it will be repeated until it is valid as the theoretical. Once the hardware development circuits have the output as the expected, then, the comparison for both hardware and theoretical analysis will be done. Next is the step where software structure is developed for the security system to be interface with the hardware development. While the final step of this research is on applying the whole project to the real house entrance like doors and windows. 3. 2 The concept of motion detector for security systemFigure 3. 1 Active infrared motion detectors Figure 3. 2 shows the concept of an active infrared motion detector for a security system. In the active system each sensor consists of two housings. The first housing co ntains an infrared-emitting diode and an infrared-sensitive phototransistor as the infrared detector. The other housing contains an infrared reflector to reflect the infrared signal. When positioned in front of an entrance to a protected area, the two housings establish an invisible beam. Figure 3. 2 The concept of infrared motion detector for security systemA person who enters the area will interrupts the beam causing an alarm to be triggered. For this type of motion detector uses the basic concept of the active infrared motion detector. An interruption in the signal modulated pulsating beam transmit by an infrared diode while receive by an infrared detector will set ‘on’ or ‘off’ the alarm of the security system. 3. 3 Hardware development Figure 3. 3 Block diagram for the house security system The hardware development is divided into three stages as shown in block diagram above. The inputs stage of the security system is the motion detector circuit, keypa d, and magnetic sensor.The second stage is the controller unit which is the microcontroller Intel 8051. The purpose of using microcontroller is to control the whole system operation by sending data to the output stage which is the LCD display, indicator, and buzzers. 3. 3. 1 Motion detector circuit In designing the infrared motion detector circuit, it is based on two basic principle of active infrared motion detector which is the infrared transmitter and infrared receiver as shown in Figure 3. 4. Figure 3. 4 Basic principle of infrared operation 3. 3. 2 Infrared transmitterFor the infrared transmitter which is also known as emitter circuit, it is on a basic design of timer 555 astable operation. The output of timer is connected to the infrared transmitter is used to produce pulse using an astable timer circuit. In astable circuit operation, pulse will continually generated until the power supplied through the circuit is removed. The astable circuit produces a continuous train of pul ses at any frequency required. This means that the 555 timer can operate repeatedly; it will switch ‘on’ and ‘off’ continually to generate data for the infrared transmission. . 3. 3 Infrared receiver The infrared receiver which is also known as infrared detector receives the data transmitted by the infrared transmitter circuit. It is a simple electronics device on detecting infrared signal. This infrared detector can be directly connected into the controller circuit to produce logic high ‘1’ or low ‘0’ from the output terminal thus activate or deactivate the controller system operation. The range of infrared detector components according to datasheet stated that the infrared detector can fully operates on detecting the infrared signal of 38 to 45 kHz. . 3. 4 4 ? 4 hexadecimal keypad The purpose of using 4 ? 4 hexadecimal keypad in the project is as an input where secure code entries to activate of deactivate the security system ope ration. The keypad provides eight interface pins, where one pin for each row and column of the keypad matrix. This 4 ? 4 hexadecimal keypad is connected to the keypad encoder (MM74C922) to control the keypad bouncing in the hardware development. 3. 3. 5 Keypad encoder (MM74C922) The MM74C922 key encoders provide all the necessary logic to fully encode an array of 4 ? hexadecimal keypad. It is used to encode the data received from the keypad code entry thus convert into binary code. These binary code is in hexadecimal number is required in data bus of the microcontroller system. Figure 3. 5 Interaction between keypad, keypad encoder, and octal buffer The figure 3. 5 above shows the block diagram on the interaction between the 4 ? 4 hexadecimal keypad, keypad encoder (MM74C922), and the octal buffer (74LS244). The keypad is used as a switch to give logic configuration to the keypad encoder.While the encoder will encode the data configuration from the keypad into the binary code based on datasheet of the encoder. These binary codes will be stabilized using the octal buffer to be process in the microcontroller system. These data will be process by the microcontroller thus running the system operation based on software designed for the security system. 3. 3. 6 Octal buffer (74LS244) A buffer is simply a unity-gain amplifier, usually with very high input impedance and very low output impedance. It allows a connection of heavily loaded to another load which requires a lot of current like capacitive load.The octal buffer is used to isolate one device from another by eliminating loading effects. It provides a ‘buffer’ between the two devices. The 74LS244 are octal buffers and line drivers designed to be employed as the memory address drivers, clock drivers, and bus-oriented transmitters/ receivers which provide improvement on the controller board density. 3. 3. 7 Microcontroller circuit (Intel 8051 – expended mode) The controller systems that use to control the motion detector system and other electronic devices are the microcontroller Intel 8051 – expended mode.In expended mode configuration, external ROM and RAM are used to add the data memory to be more than internal memory provided by the Intel manufacturer. The purpose of using an expended mode for the project is to expend more data available on developing and designing an excellent operation of the security system. Figure 3. 6 Intel 8051 block diagram The microcontroller Intel 8051 is a widely used on controlling devices and instruments due to its flexibility, existence of multiple producers. It consists of a simple architecture introduced by Intel in the year of 80’s.It produced with 128 bytes of RAM, 4K bytes of on-chip ROM, 2 timers, one serial port, and 8-bits wide of ports. This type of microcontroller become very popular after Intel allowed another manufacturer to make and market any flavor of the 8051, and still remains compatible with 8051. There ar e various versions of 8051 with different speeds and amount of the on-chip ROM which is valuable on controlling a system designed. 3. 4 Software development The software structure is using the assembly language where a set of program based on security system is assembled using ASM51 assembler.The 8051 Cross Assembler (ASM51) takes an assembly language source file created with a text editor and translates it into a machine language object file. This translation process is done in two passes over the source file. During the first pass, the Cross Assembler builds a symbol table and labels that used in the source file. While the second pass of the Cross Assembler is actually translates the source file into the machine language object file. During the second pass, the listing file of the assembled is generated for the analysis purpose.A security program as shown in flow chart below were written in notepad based on 8051 instruction set before assembling process to get the binary code. Thi s binary code is then used to be load into the location of the memory thus operates the hardware developed. The flowchart as shown in Figure 3. 7 is a basic designed for the security system operation. In this security system, the security code is set as ‘1985’ to activate or deactivate security system. When user closed the door, the system will activate where the magnetic switch and infrared is in active condition.To deactivate the system where opening door without alarm, user must enter the deactivation code. The chance to deactivate the system is once before keypad locked, where user can not enter the code anymore. If deactivation code was correct, green LED will ‘on’ while alarm will ‘off’ condition. System at this time is successfully deactivated and user can open the door without alarm. Figure 3. 7 Flow chart of software design for the security system If deactivation code enters was incorrect, system is still activate and for that, red LED and alarm will ‘on’ where the system is in a warning mode.The system will keep in this mode until the correct deactivation code entered. When the correct deactivation codes enter, the reconfirm code is needed where user need to reenter the correct deactivation code before the system successfully deactivate; the green LED will ‘on’ and the alarm will ‘off’ condition. The reconfirm code is designed in the system to make more security for the system developed. If intruder open the magnetic switch without entered the correct security code, thus the alarm will ‘on’. User must enter the correct deactivation code to turn ‘off’ the alarm system.The activation and deactivate code for this system are ‘1985’ and the ‘enter’ button codes are ‘A’ for every codes entered. 3. 5 Summary There are three elements discussed in this chapter which are the concept of motion detector for security syste m, the hardware development, and the software designed for the security system. Each part of these elements is related to each other. The understanding of the concepts and methods on developing the project is very important to achieve the main objective for the whole project. CHAPTER 4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 4. 1 IntroductionThis chapter will briefly discuss on the results and discussions of the hardware development. There are three major modules in developing the hardware structure which are the active infrared motion detector circuit, keypad module circuit, and the most important; the controller circuit 4. 2 Motion detector circuit The hardware development of the active infrared motion detector system is divided into two parts, which are the infrared emitter circuit and the infrared detector component. 4. 2. 1 The emitter The emitter which also known as infrared transmitter circuit was build as shown in Figure 4. . A probe or the oscilloscope is attached to the infrared LED while the adjustable resistor is varied to calibrate the emitter to transmit 38 kHz square wave. The Figure 4. 1 shows the final configuration of the emitter circuit: Figure 4. 1 The emitter circuit Figure 4. 2 shows the result obtained from the oscilloscope where the frequency generated by the emitter circuit is 38. 67 kHz square wave. At this generated frequency, the voltage maximum produced is 1. 60V and the peak to peak voltage is 1. 16V. Figure 4. 2 The 38 kHz frequency generated by the emitter circuit

Puppy Mills

Tiffany Baldeo MWF 8:00-8:50am ENC1101 Informative Essay Puppy Mills, Be gone! Bulldogs on sale! Yorkie puppies available here! Have you ever wondered where all these cheap puppies for sale in pet stores come from? The answer is that they are produced in factory-like environments known as â€Å"puppy mills†. Puppy mills are large-scale dog breeding operations where profit is given priority over the well-being of the dogs. Puppy mills treat dogs like products, not living beings, and usually house them in overcrowded and unsanitary conditions without adequate veterinary care, socialization, or even food and water.The cute puppies for sale at your local mall were probably bred from dogs that don’t play outside or get groomed. Puppy mill dogs are typically kept in cages with wire flooring that injures their paws and legs and cages can be stacked up in a column, which means waste falls on the dogs housed below them. Compromised health and conditions like matting, sores, mang e, severe dental disease and abscesses are often widespread. Many puppy mill puppies are born with or develop overt physical problems that make them unsalable to pet stores, which mean they end up abandoned or just left to die.Many sick puppies do manage to end up at pet stores, though, where the new puppy owner unknowingly purchases the sick dog. Breeding dogs at the mills sometimes spend their entire lives outdoors, exposed to the elements, or crammed inside filthy structures. When a parent at a puppy mill is no longer able to produce, the dog may be given to the nearest shelter, abandoned, or even destroyed. Also, because the puppies produced in puppy mills do not have safe and healthy homes selected for them ahead of time, if they are not purchased by the time they hit a certain age, they may suffer the same fate.Female dogs usually have little to no recovery time between bearing litters. When, after a few years, the females can no longer reproduce or when their breed goes out o f style, the dogs are often abandoned, shot, or starved until they eventually die. Many pet stores with cute puppies for sale will tell you that they don't get their puppies from puppy mills. They'll say their puppies are all from â€Å"USDA licensed breeders. † If you dig a little deeper into what that actually means, you'll find that it's not worth much. The standards of care required by the USDA are woefully inadequate and not what most of us would consider humane.They leave a lot of room for dogs to be severely mistreated. Even if they were adequate, they're not enforced. Take a look at a scathing report done by the Inspector General on USDA's lax enforcement of the law regulating breeders and judge for yourself whether USDA licensing of puppy mills is enough to make you shop at stores that sell puppies. In fact, you only have to be licensed by USDA as a commercial breeder if you are selling puppies to pet stores or brokers. So USDA licensure is actually a pretty good ind icator that the breeders are, in fact, puppy mills.Small hobby breeders, who sell their dogs directly to the public, including those who only sell their puppies online, do not have to be licensed or inspected by USDA. Don’t support the industry. Most pet shop puppies come from puppy mills, and so do most dogs sold over the Internet. Pet shop puppies are separated from their mother at as young as six weeks of age. The health of the puppies is not always guaranteed. Purchasing a puppy for sale at a pet store or online often supports the horrible puppy mill industry. Buying anything in pet stores that sell puppies supports the industry, too.Buy all your pet supplies, toys, pet food, and kitty litter, from stores that do not sell puppies, or buy your pet supplies online from websites that do not sell puppies. Breeders or owners of large kennels are supposed to adhere to regulations and follow protocol when it comes to their business and the wellbeing of the animals that are in th eir facilities. The puppy mills project states that of the 3,000 USDA licensed breeding facilities, a large number of them have violations that go unpunished and led to the maltreatment of the animals behind the walls.The United States government should be making more strides to help the animals that must endure these horrific living conditions. The Animal Bill of Rights is being used by the Animal legal defense Club to show that there is a large amount of support that is going towards the promotion of more strict animal rights. They also need to help congress come up with harsher punishments for the people that feel that they are above the law and do not need to follow the laws when it comes to animals and abuse.The Fund also states in their website that in the United States about 45 states including the District of Columbia have a type of felony level animal cruelty provision which may be in forced in cases of animal fighting or death of an animal. States need to take a closer loo k at the puppy mill facilities or â€Å"breeding kennels† and take more drastic measures against people who violate regulations. It is not fair to the animals that they have to live in such conditions that can make them sick and feel unloved.

My Unit Is Based On English Language Arts, Reading Literature

My unit is based on English Language Arts, Reading Literature for first grade learners (Lenz, Deshler, and Kissam, 2004). In this unit students are focusing on describing characters based on the New Jersey learning standard â€Å"RL.1.3 Describe characters, settings, and major event(s) in a story, using key details† (http://www.state.nj.us/education/cccs/2016/ela/crosswalk.pdf). Students learned about finding information about key details in a previous unit and describe settings and major events in the next unit. In order for students to have a better understanding of character development, three books were chosen; A Bad Case of Stripes by David Shannon, Wemberly Worried by Kevin Henkes, and Stand Tall Molly Lou Melon by Patty Lovell. The books†¦show more content†¦Students continue to use strategies they already learned and practiced in previous units. The first part helps students learn the difference between physical characteristics and character traits. Students w ill begin by making personal connections to their own traits. Students will cut a large hole in piece of construction paper as frame for their face. On the boarder they will use physical and inner characteristics to describe themselves. They will partner with someone to add a feature they may have not used. As students learn to describe each, they get more familiar with the main character. Each book has multiple supporting characters, but only one main character. They will learn to focus attention in illustrations and print, to the character’s actions and feelings, and how they change through the story. Once the students are familiar with each character, they can begin activities to compare and contrast the characters, their feelings, and their ideas. They will also analyze if the characters affected the traits or feelings of the main character. As each lesson is taught, centers are developed for small group and independent learning. 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